Salome in modern paintings
Early Christian accounts of Salome do not feature any erotic dances, but by medieval times she has most of her clothes off and she is a dangerous temptress. That reputation stayed with her through the centuries, and it's fair to say she was always very popular. Gustave Flaubert, Jules Massenet and Oscar Wilde were fans, and it was Wilde's play Salome that popularized Dance of the Seven Veils.
The Salome shown below was painted by Bavarian painter Franz von Stuck in 1906, when she was very much in vogue again because of Mahler's opera the previous year. Presumably, she is winding up the Dance of the Seven Veils at this point. Von Stuck's paintings would later be admired by Hitler.
Henri Regnault's 1870 version is below, but it also seems to be without a head. She's waiting for it? Regnault was killed shortly afterwards in the Franco-Prussian War.
This is one of Gustave Moreau's many contributions to the Salome genre, The Apparition, in 1876:
Also check out Klimt here.